Bill Gtes le roi du monde!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Bill Gtes le roi du monde!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Bill Gates


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Bill Gates
Well, somebody had to be the richest man on Earth, but why did it have to be him? William Henry Gates III, now just called "Bill Gates" or "billg", rules over a company that is the undisputed monopoly of the computer software business, with tendrills extending in nearly all related fields (and some unrelated ones as well). Through his efforts and the efforts of the folks he has groomed over the decades, his domain and personal wealth have increased at near psychotic-levels while at the same time causing what some might consider permanent damage to the landscape of the very industry he helped form.
In the present day, it is quite useless to discern where Microsoft ends and Bill begins, and vice versa. Instead, to get any idea of Bill Gates, it's best to go back to the 1970s and the early 1980s, before Microsoft went public and shot the little dweeb into the financial stratosphere.

People with roman numerals after their names generally don't lead hard lives, and Gates started his life in a rich suburb of Seattle, Washington. He was sent to the Lakeside Private school starting at age 13, where the school started acquiring a number of high-tech toys from local industry and sales. Gates fell in love with computers at that point, a relationship that never really soured for him.

With his best friend Paul Allen, Gates founded the Lakeside Programming Group in 1971. Not a company but really more of a social group, they made it a goal to get as much computer time as possible from local businesses. One particularly useful contact was the Computer Center Corporation, C-Cubed, which Gates and the rest of the Programming Group would do computer work for in exchange for time on the machines at night. In the first of several major ironies, Gates and pals would comb through the source code of the computer systems they worked on to get programming ideas.

Gates and friends would try and pick up any job they could, and a big break came when a local company offered them the task of writing a payroll program. The amount being paid, however, was not enough to support all four authors, and Gates was asked to leave the group. This was a mistake; Gates' response was, it is said, "Look, if you (ever) want me to come back you have to let me be in charge. But this is a dangerous thing, because if you put me in charge this time, I'm going to want to be in charge forever after". Prophetic words indeed, and in fact the others talked it through and Gates stayed on for the project.

Soon the Lakeside group was getting more and more jobs, including a class scheduling program for their school. (Gates has claimed that he programmed the scheduling software so that it always scheduled him together with all the prettiest girls in his class). Another major project was analyzing traffic data for the Washington Road Department, to determine allocation of funds. For these projects, the Lakeside Programming Group made thousands of dollars in income. But then came graduation.

Gates was accepted to Harvard and began attending in 1974, intending to study either Mathematics or Law. But college wasn't where Gates wanted to be, and he dropped out late in his freshman year. His riches earned later have often caused his biographies to say he "attended Harvard", which is being very charitable. Of course, he has received a number of honorary doctorates since then.

What caused Gates to drop out was the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, which touted the new Altair microcomputer, a shot across the bow of the geekdom world that said that computers were about to become more affordable, more accessible, and amazingly powerful in a short time. His undeniable nose for profit already attuned, Gates and old friend Paul Allen decided they needed to enter this market, and together they set up the Micro Soft company in Albequerque, New Mexico. Albequerque, it should be noted, had been looking like it was going to be the center of all things computer and computer-based, and that explains the non-sequitur choice by Gates and Allen to relocate themselves there.

It was during his time down in New Mexico that Gates was stopped for a traffic infraction. Unfortunately, the complete details of his arrest and mugshot have been lost to time, either intentionally (if you're a conspirator) or simply because who would have thought anyone would give a shit about some geek getting pulled over 20 years ago. Either way, all we have to go by is this snapshot of Gates being hauled in front of the camera, grinning his ass off, perhaps thinking himself above it all or incredulous that things had gotten that far. Gates has changed his story several times on what happened that night, but the most plausible is that he ran a stop light and wasn't carrying his license with him when he was pulled over, requiring a visit down to the station.

The photo also unintentionally captures classic Gates: completely wrecked hair, terrible looking clothes, generally slovenly appearance, and two glazed eyes staring out past thick glasses. This image changed very little over the bulk of Gates' career, with the shower taps running at much less frequency than the money taps. It should also be noted that this isn't some heaping of sour grapes from the gutter staring up at Bill's mountain of success; throughout the time he has been known in public, Bill's dedication to all-nighters and in-the-trenches energy ensured a number of high-profile press conferences and demonstrations where his lack of hygiene became as breathtaking as the product being demonstrated.

Micro Soft (later renamed MicroSoft)'s money was to be made selling software, and while this might seem logical, at the time it was not the norm. Computers, especially for the hobbyist market, were so expensive and so time-consuming to build out of kits, that a natural social set of users and owners would trade any software they constructed freely, looking at the software as icing on a cake and hardly anyone's bread and butter. Bill's company had written a port of the BASIC programming language (previously seen on other machines, and which Bill neither designed nor paid royalties for the use of) and this software, retailing at over $600 in 1975, was freely traded among the different computer owners, since, well, six hundred dollars is a lot of fucking money. This drove the young Gates ballistic, and in that year he fired off what became known as "The Letter", or "An Open Letter to Hobbyists", in which he decried this outward theft of his (ported, design-lifted) product.

The letter drips with ironies, as Gates asks a group of people to stop taking his software and using it for free, when in fact his entire distribution model had depended on these very groups, and his product wasn't his exclusively in the first place. Needless to say, these sort of demands became much easier once Gates' company essentially corralled the entire market under its wing.

Gates and Allen moved Micro Soft back home to Seattle, Washington in 1979, where it has remained to this day. Also remaining to this day have been the interesting traits of Gates' personality: intensity, single-mindedness, and a screeching myopia about competitors and the market in general. Most of these traits have transferred to the company's practices, which are worthy of an entry in themselves.

MicroSoft's fortunes became many and varied, and Gates quickly helped bring the company to various levels of industry dominance. Previously Apple Computer had gone public and made its founders instant millionaires. When Microsoft went public in 1986, Bill Gates also found himself an unbelievably rich man; the richest man in the United States. He was thirty-five years old. As time has told, Gates's fortune has increased enormously since then, making him the richest man, period. Silly calculations about his fortunes have come out, including noting that at one point William H. Gates III was personally earning $250 a second.

Money is not everything, so they say, and life with your nose placed firmly into a screen could be quite empty. As he was shuffled from meeting to convention, from press conference to all-night planning session, Gates no doubt yearned for companionship. Of course, his approaches might have left something to be desired. He was infamous for his "virtual dates", where he would have a woman he was interested in see a movie in whatever city she was living in at the same time he was, and then they would discuss the movie over the phone later.

And it was inevitable that the female employees of a company owned by a bachelor who also happened to be the most loaded man in the universe would begin to swarm like bees at a honey festival. Semi-joke buttons were worn by employees offering themselves, and nobody would turn down any such interest by Big Bill. So it should come as no major surprise when Mr. Gates settled his eye on one Melinda French, a marketing manager within the company, in the early 1990's. It is beyond our research to conclude the nature of the relationship, but it has survived more than many such high-profile couplings; and on January 1, 1994, Gates rented a Hawaiian island and married Melinda.

It is worth noting that it's actually kind of illegal to rent a Hawaiian island, but we'll give Bill the benefit of the doubt and assume it wasn't his word that shut down public roads and access during the length of the wedding on Lanai, for security reasons. Money Trumps Law is a pretty easy equation to work out in any checkbook.

Gates has been naturally quiet about his home life since that time, but it is known that he has twice bucked the odds of most programmers and produced children by Melinda, names of Jennifer and Rory. He also lives in a home whose size, automation, and cost have achieved legendary status within the state of Washington, but that's almost a pre-requisite of multi-billionaires.

In a worthwhile side note, Gates was targeted and hit with a Pie while attending a meeting in Brussels hosted by Flemish Minister and President Van den Brande in 1998. While he later waved off the effect of the pie on him, the look on his face, stumbling away looking for somewhere to clean up in private, says it all: the teary-eyed, stricken gaze of the picked-upon nerd. It is likely the last time anything like that will happen again, if he can pay enough.


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Pornopolis | Rotten | Faces of Death | Famous Nudes

# Online seit Montag, 30. Mai, 2005 um 17:29

Internet-At-Sea

Internet-At-Sea
Capture and transmission of images
Access to the internet from ships at sea can help scientists improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their missions, and increase the quality of the enviromental data gathered. Data from the ships transmitted to land based facilities via the Internet can be analyzed with more powerful computers and by several collaborating scientists. This analysis provides scientists aboard the ships with valuable information needed to make adjustments to their data sampling. In addition, data available from NOAA and other internet sources, such as weather and sea conditions, improves the mariner's ability to plan ship movements to maximize data collection. Successful implementation of this cutting edge technology can provide other researchers around the world with a blueprint to connect other remote environmental data acquisition platforms.

# Online seit Samstag, 23. Juli, 2005 um 06:55

Geändert am Samstag, 23. Juli, 2005 um 12:45

Qu'est-ce qu'une adresse IP

Qu'est-ce qu'une adresse IP
Sur Internet, les ordinateurs communiquent entre eux grâce au protocole IP (Internet Protocol), qui utilise des adresses numériques, appelées adresses IP, composées de 4 nombres entiers (4 octets) entre 0 et 255 et notées sous la forme xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx. Ces numéros servent aux ordinateurs du réseau pour se reconnaître, ainsi chaque ordinateur du réseau possèdre sa propre adresse IP unique.

Par exemple, 194.153.205.26 est une adresse TCP/IP donnée sous une forme technique. Ce sont ces adresses que connaîssent les ordinateurs qui communiquent entre eux.

C'est l'IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Agency) qui est chargée d'attribuer ces numéros.

Déchiffrage d'une adresse IP


Comme nous l'avons vu une adresse IP est une adresse 32 bits notée sous forme de 4 nombres entiers séparés par des points. On distingue en fait deux parties dans l'adresse IP:

une partie des nombres à gauche désigne le réseau (on l'appelle netID)
Les nombres de droite désignent les ordinateurs de ce réseau (on l'appelle host-IDNotons celui de droite 178.12.77. Il comprendra les ordinateurs suivants:
178.12.77.1 à 178.12.77.6
Les réseaux sont donc notés 194.28.12 et 178.12.77, puis on numérote incrémentalement chacun des ordinateurs le constituant.
Imaginons un gros réseau noté 58.24: on donnera généralement aux ordinateurs reliés à lui les adresses IP allant de 58.24.0.1 à 58.24.255.254. Il s'agit donc d'attribuer les numéros de telle façon qu'il y ait une organisation dans la hiérarchie des ordinateurs et des serveurs...
Ainsi, plus le nombre de bits réservé au réseau est petit, plus celui-ci peut contenir d'ordinateurs. En effet un réseau noté 102 peut contenir des ordinateurs dont l'adresse IP peut aller de 102.0.0.1 à 102.255.255.254 (256*256*256-2=16777214 possibilités), tandis qu'un réseau noté 194.26 ne pourra contenir que des ordinateurs dont l'adresse IP sera comprise entre 194.26.0.1 et 194.26.255.254 (256*256-2=65534 possibilités), c'est la notion de classe.

# Online seit Samstag, 23. Juli, 2005 um 07:08

Que signifient xDSL et ADSL ?

Que signifient xDSL et ADSL ?
Le terme DSL ou xDSL signifie Digital Subscriber Line (Ligne numérique d'abonné) et regroupe l'ensemble des technologies mises en place pour un transport numérique de l'information sur une simple ligne de raccordement téléphonique. Les technologies xDSL sont divisées en deux grandes familles, celle utilisant une transmission symétrique et celle utilisant une transmission asymétrique. Ces deux familles seront décrites plus loin dans ce support.

Le terme ADSL signifie Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (dans les pays francophones ce terme est parfois remplacé par LNPA qui signifie Ligne Numérique à Paire Asymétrique. Ce système permet de faire coexister sur une même ligne un canal descendant (downstream) de haut débit, un canal montant (upstream) moyen débit ainsi qu'un canal de téléphonie (appelé POTS en télécommunication qui signifie : Plain Old Telephone Service).

L'utilité des technologies xDSL et ADSL


Le rapide développement des technologies de l'information a fait apparaître de nouveaux services gourmands en capacité de transmission. L'accès rapide à Internet, la visioconférence, l'interconnexion des réseaux, le télétravail, la distribution de programmes TV, etc font parties de ces nouveaux services multimédia que l'usager désire obtenir à domicile ou au bureau.

Jusqu'à présent les services à hauts débits existant (câble coaxial, fibre optique) n'étaient pas bien adaptés aux besoins réels (câblage trop cher à remplacer par de la fibre optique ou connexion peu stable en câble coaxial). L'idée d'utiliser la paire torsadée semble la mieux adaptée puisque dans le monde plus de 800 millions de connexions de ce type sont déjà en place et qu'il suffit d'ajouter un équipement au central téléphonique ainsi qu'une petite installation chez l'utilisateur pour pouvoir accéder à l'ADSL.

Caractéristiques des technologies ADSL


Le terme DSL ou xDSL peut se décliner en plusieurs groupes : HDSL, SDSL, ADSL, RADSL, VDSL. A chacun de ces groupes correspond une utilisation et des caractéristiques particulières.

Les différences entre ces technologies sont à différencier par :

La vitesse de transmission
La distance maximale de transmission
La variation de débit entre le flux montant et le flux descendant
Le caractère symétrique ou non de la liaison
La connexion point à point est effectuée via une ligne téléphonique entre deux équipements, d'une part le NT (Network Termination) installé chez l'utilisateur et d'autre part le LT (Line Termination) installé dans le centre de raccordement.

Les solutions symétriques


La connexion s'effectue au travers de paires torsadées avec un débit identique en flux montant comme en flux descendant.

HDSL


HDSL (High bit rate DSL) est la première technique issue de DSL et a vu le jour au début des années 1990.

Cette technique consiste à diviser le tronc numérique du réseau, T1 en Amérique et E1 en Europe sur 2 paires de fils pour T1 et 3 paires de fil pour E1.

Avec cette technique, il est possible d'atteindre un débit de 2Mbps dans les 2 sens sur trois paires torsadées et 1,5 Mbps dans les 2 sens sur deux paires torsadées. Il est possible que le débit, s'il est à 2 Mbps, puisse tomber à 384 kbps secondes par exemple en fonction de la qualité de la ligne et de la distance de la ligne sur le dernier kilomètre (entre 3 et 7 km suivant le diamètre du fil, respectivement entre 0.4mm et 0.8mm).

La connexion peut être permanente mais il n'y a pas de canal de téléphonie disponible lors d'une connexion HDSL.

Le problème actuel de cette technologie est que sa standardisation n'est pas encore parfaite
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# Online seit Samstag, 23. Juli, 2005 um 07:19

Les réseaux locaux sans fil IEEE 802.11 WIFI

Les réseaux locaux sans fil IEEE 802.11  WIFI
Les réseaux locaux sans fil IEEE 802.11

Une particularité du standard IEEE 802.11 est d'avoir une couche MAC (Medium Access Control) unifiée au dessus de plusieurs niveaux physiques :

802.11b : 11 Mbit/s en 2,4 Ghz en technologie CCK (nom commercial : Wi-Fi)
802.11a : 54 Mbit/s en 5,5 Ghz en technologie OFDM (nom commercial : Wi-Fi 5) aujourd'hui pour des cellules de 10 à 15m.
802.11g : 54 Mbit/s en 2,4 Ghz (la taille des cellules sera plus grande)
mais également des réseaux de 1 à 2 Mbit/s en technologies FHSS ou DSSS en 2,4 Ghz ou en infrarouge.
La bande des 2,4 Ghz est harmonisée au niveau international. Une première partie de la bande commence à être libérée en France (dans 38 départements actuellement). Sur la deuxième partie, entre 2,45 Ghz et 2,5 Ghz, se trouvent encore des radars de l'armée. Leur durée de vie est de 15 ans. Cette partie de la bande ne devrait être libérée qu'en 2010.

Pour Wi-Fi5 la bande de fréquence des 5 Ghz n'est pas encore harmonisée au niveau international. Aux USA la FCC a prévu 12 canaux alors qu'en Europe 19 canaux sont prévus. La partie entre 5,15 et 5,25 Ghz a été réservée au départ pour Hiperlan 1. Elle a ensuite été étendue pour Wi-Fi5.

Les circuits intégrés de demain seront multi-mode pour permettre l'utilisation des divers standards et normes sans fil : IEEE 802a, b, g et GPRS.

Des évolutions futures pourraient inclure la sélection automatique de fréquence et le contrôle de puissance (par exemple en reprenant ce qui existe dans le standard européen Hiperlan II).

Le protocole utilisé par la couche MAC est un CSMA amélioré par rapport au protocole Ethernet filaire (IEEE 802.3) qui travaille par détection de collision : le CSMA CA du protocole 802.11écoute le canal après la fin de la porteuse et utilise un accusé de réception.

Les réseaux personnels sans fil IEEE 802.15

Il y a également plusieurs travaux de standardisation de réseaux personnels (Personal Area Network PAN) :

IEEE 802.15.1 (normalisation de Bluetooth), portée de l'ordre de 10m avec un débit théorique de l'ordre de 1 Mbit/s et un débit réel plutôt aux alentours de 150 Kbit/s mais avec une faible consommation électrique (projet lancé par Ericsson en 1994)
802.15.3 High rate Wireless PAN qui sera standardisé fin 2002
et le IEEE 802.15.3a pour l'Ultra Wide Band. Il y a un lobbying en particulier en Europe pour contraindre cette technologie qui normalement envoie de faible puissance dans toutes les fréquences (limite basse à Ghz pour ne pas émettre sur les fréquences du GSM ou limités pour éviter que la multiplication de réseaux UWB ne dépasse alors le niveau de bruit dans les fréquences utilisées).

# Online seit Samstag, 23. Juli, 2005 um 07:22